Methods and apparatuses for reducing stray light emission from an eyepiece of an optical imaging system

ABSTRACT

An eyepiece for a head-mounted display includes one or more first waveguides arranged to receive light from a spatial light modulator at a first edge, guide at least some of the received light to a second edge opposite the first edge, and extract at least some of the light through a face of the one or more first waveguides between the first and second edges. The eyepiece also includes a second waveguide positioned to receive light exiting the one or more first waveguides at the second edge and guide the received light to one or more light absorbers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/144,656, filed on Sep. 27, 2018, which claims the benefit of thefiling date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/564,528, filed onSep. 28, 2017. The contents of U.S. Application No. 62/564,528 and Ser.No. 16/144,656 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to components for reducing stray light emissionin optical imaging systems.

BACKGROUND

Imaging systems can be used to present visual information to a user. Forexample, an imaging system can include an optical component thatprojects images onto an imaging surface, such that one or more users canview the image. In some cases, imaging systems can be incorporated intoa head-mounted display device to present visual information in a moreimmersive manner. For example, head-mounted displays can be used topresent visual information for virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality(AR) systems.

SUMMARY

In an aspect, an eyepiece for a head-mounted display includes one ormore first waveguides arranged to receive light from a spatial lightmodulator at a first edge, guide at least some of the received light toa second edge opposite the first edge, and extract at least some of thelight through a face of the one or more first waveguides between thefirst and second edges. The eyepiece also includes a second waveguidepositioned to receive light exiting the one or more first waveguides atthe second edge and guide the received light to one or more lightabsorbers.

Implementations of this aspect can include one or more of the followingfeatures.

In some implementations, the eyepiece can further include opticalstructures arranged between the second edge of the one or more firstwaveguides and configured to couple light from the one or more firstwaveguides into the second waveguide.

In some implementations, the eyepiece can further include a reflector.The second waveguide can be arranged between the reflector and the oneor more first waveguides. The reflector can be configured to reflectlight that enters the second waveguide from the one or more firstwaveguides so that the light is guided to the one or more lightabsorbers.

In some implementations, the one or more absorbers can be located out ofa field of view of a user during operation of the head-mounted displayby the user.

In some implementations, the eyepiece can further include one or moreadditional waveguides positioned to receive light exiting the one ormore first waveguides at one or more additional edges of the one or morefirst waveguides, and guide the received light from the one or moreadditional edges to one or more additional light absorbers.

In some implementations, the one or more first waveguides can be locatedin a field of view of a user during operation of the head-mounteddisplay by the user.

In some implementations, the one or more first waveguides can includeone or more diffractive optical elements extending between the firstedge and the second edge. The one or more diffractive optical elementscan be configured to extract at least some of the light through a faceof the one or more first waveguides between the first and second edge.

In some implementations, at least one of the one or more diffractiveoptical elements can be disposed within an interior of the one or morefirst waveguides.

In some implementations, at least one of the one or more diffractiveoptical elements can be disposed along a periphery of the one or morefirst waveguides.

In some implementations, the eyepiece can further include a thirdwaveguide arranged to receive light from the spatial light modulator ata third edge, guide at least some of the received light to a fourth edgeopposite the third edge, extract at least some of the light through aface of the third waveguide between the third and fourth edges. Theeyepiece can further include a fourth waveguide positioned to receivelight exiting the third waveguide at the fourth edge and guide thereceived light to one or more second light absorbers.

In some implementations, the second waveguide can be define a gratingpattern along its periphery.

In some implementations, the second waveguide can be integral with theone or more first waveguides.

In some implementations, the grating pattern can be defined on at leastone of a first face of the second waveguide or second face of the secondwaveguide. The first face of the second waveguide can be opposite to thesecond face of the second waveguide.

In some implementations, the second waveguide can be distinct from theone or more first waveguides.

In some implementations, the eyepiece can further include a lightabsorbing material deposited along the grating pattern.

In some implementations, the grating pattern can be defined along anentirely of the periphery of the second waveguide.

In some implementations, the light absorbing material can be depositedalong an entirely of the periphery of the second waveguide.

In some implementations, the grating pattern can be defined along asubset of the periphery of the second waveguide.

In some implementations, the light absorbing material can be depositedalong a subset of the periphery of the second waveguide.

In some implementations, the eyepiece can include an optical couplersubsystem configured to receive the light from the spatial lightmodulator and direct the light in a first direction towards the firstedge of the one or more first waveguides along a primary emission axis.

In some implementations, the second waveguide can include a peripheraledge in a second direction from the optical coupler subsystem. Thesecond direction can be opposite from the first direction. Theperipheral edge can be inclined with respect to the primary emissionaxis.

The implementations described herein can provide various benefits. Insome cases, the features described herein can reduce the amount of straylight escaping from an optical system (e.g., an eyepiece and/or ahead-mounted display). Accordingly, the optical system can presenthigher quality digital imagery to a user than a comparable system inwhich experiences more stray light. In some cases, the featuresdescribed herein can increase the resolution of the projected digitalimagery, increase the contrast of the digital imagery, reduce thepresence of undesired image artifacts, and/or facilitate accuratereproduction of color.

The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features and advantages willbe apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example optical system.

FIG. 2 an elevation view of an example waveguide apparatus.

FIGS. 3A-3C are schematic diagram of example waveguide apparatuses.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing another example optical system.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing another example optical systemincluding a light absorption assembly.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an example absorption of straylight using the optical system shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a cross-section diagram of an example waveguide of a lightabsorption assembly.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example optical assembly including a waveguideapparatus, an optical coupler subsystem, and a distribution waveguideapparatus.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example arrangement of multiple opticalassemblies.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an example optical assembly.

FIGS. 11A-11C are schematic diagram of example optical assemblies.

Like numerals in different figures indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an optical system 100 including a waveguide apparatus 102,an optical coupler subsystem 104 to optically couple light to or fromthe waveguide apparatus 102, and a spatial light modulator 106.

The waveguide apparatus 102 includes one or more primary planarwaveguides 108 (only one of which is shown in FIG. 1), and one or morediffractive optical elements (DOEs) 110 associated with each of at leastsome of the primary planar waveguides 108.

As shown in FIG. 2, the primary planar waveguides 108 each have at leasta first end 112 a and a second end 112 b, the second end 112 b opposedto the first end 112 a along a length 114 of the primary planarwaveguide 108. The primary planar waveguides 108 each have a first face116 a and a second face 116 b, at least the first and the second faces116 a and 116 b (collectively 116) forming an at least partiallyinternally reflective optical path (illustrated by arrow 118 a andbroken line arrow 118 b, collectively 118) along at least a portion ofthe length 114 of the primary planar waveguide 108. The primary planarwaveguide(s) 108 may take a variety of forms which provides forsubstantially total internal reflection (TIR) for light striking thefaces 116 at greater than a defined critical angle with respect to thenormal of the face. The primary planar waveguides 108 may, for example,take the form of a pane or plane of glass, fused silica, acrylic, orpolycarbonate, among other materials.

The DOEs 110 (illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 by dash-dot double line) maytake a large variety of forms which interrupt the TIR optical path 118,providing a plurality of optical paths (illustrated by arrows 120 a andbroken line arrows 120 b, collectively 120) between an interior 122 andan exterior 124 of the primary planar waveguide 108 extending along atleast a portion of the length 114 of the primary planar waveguide 108.In some cases, the DOEs 110 may advantageously combine the phasefunctions of a linear diffraction grating with that of a circular orradial symmetric lens, allowing positioning of apparent objects andfocus plane for apparent objects. Such may be achieved on aframe-by-frame, subframe-by-subframe, or even pixel-by-pixel basis.

With reference to FIG. 1, the optical coupler subsystem 104 opticallycouples light to, or from, the waveguide apparatus 102. As illustratedin FIG. 1, the optical coupler subsystem may include an optical element126, for instance a reflective surface, mirror, dichroic mirror or prismto optically couple light to, or from, an edge 128 of the primary planarwaveguide 108. The optical coupler subsystem 104 may additionally oralternatively include a collimation element 130 that collimates light.

The spatial light modulator 106 is a control subsystem that includes oneor more light sources 132 and drive electronics 134 that generate imagedata that is encoded in the form of light that is spatially and/ortemporally varying (e.g., spatially and/or temporally modulated light).As noted above, a collimation element 130 may collimate the light, andthe collimated light can be optically coupled into one or more primaryplanar waveguides 108.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the light propagates along the primary planarwaveguide 108 with at least some reflections or “bounces” resulting fromthe TIR propagation. It is noted that some implementations may employone or more reflectors in the internal optical path, for instancethin-films, dielectric coatings, metalized coatings, etc., which mayfacilitate reflection. Light propagates along the length 114 of theprimary planar waveguide 108 and intersects with one or more DOEs 110 atvarious positions along the length 114. As explained below in referenceto FIGS. 3A-3C, the DOE(s) 110 may be incorporated within the primaryplanar waveguide 108 or abutting or adjacent one or more of the faces116 of the primary planar waveguide 108 (e.g., the face 116 a or theface 116 b). The DOE(s) 110 accomplishes at least two functions. TheDOE(s) 110 shift an angle of the light, causing a portion of the lightto escape TIR, and emerge from the interior 112 to the exterior 124 viaone or more faces 116 of the primary planar waveguide 108. The DOE(s)110 also focus the out-coupled light at one or more viewing distances.Thus, someone looking through a face 116 a of the primary planarwaveguide 108 can see digital imagery at one or more viewing distances.

In some cases, each primary planar waveguide 108 can extendsubstantially along a particular plane (e.g., a x-y plane), and canguide incident light such that light emerges from the primary planarwaveguide 108 at one or more locations in directions orthogonal orapproximately orthogonal to the plane (e.g., in a z-direction orapproximately in the z-direction). In some cases, the surface area ofthe primary planar waveguide 108 along its plane of extension can besubstantially larger than its surface area along other non-parallel(e.g., orthogonal) planes. For example, in some cases, the surface ofthe primary planar waveguide 108 along the x-y plane can be 10 timeslarger, 20 times larger, or some other multiple larger than its surfacearea along the x-z plane or y-z plane.

While FIGS. 1 and 2 show the DOE 110 positioned in the interior 112 ofthe primary planar waveguide 108, spaced from the faces 116, the DOE 110may be positioned at other locations in other implementations, forexample as illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C.

FIG. 3A shows an example waveguide apparatus 102 a including a primaryplanar waveguide 108 and at least one DOE 110 carried on an outersurface or face 116 of the primary planar waveguide 108. For example,the DOE 110 may be deposited on the outer surface or face 116 b of theprimary planar waveguide 108, for instance as a patterned metal layer.

FIG. 3B shows another example waveguide apparatus 102 b including aprimary planar waveguide 108 and at least one DOE 110 positionedinternally immediately adjacent an outer surface or face 116 b of theprimary planar waveguide 108. For example, the DOE 110 may be formed inthe interior 122 via selective or masked curing of material of theprimary planar waveguide 108. Alternatively, the DOE 110 may be adistinct physical structure incorporated into the primary planarwaveguide 108.

FIG. 3C shows another example waveguide apparatus 102 c including aprimary planar waveguide 108 and at least one DOE 110 formed in an outersurface of the primary planar waveguide 108. The DOE 110 may, forexample be etched, patterned, or otherwise formed in the outer surfaceor face 116 b of the primary planar waveguide 108, for instances asgrooves. For example, the DOE 110 may take the form of linear or sawtooth ridges and valleys which may be spaced at one or more definedpitches (e.g., space between individual elements or features extendingalong the length 114). The pitch may be a linear function or may be anon-linear function.

In some cases, the primary planar waveguide 108 can be at leastpartially transparent. Such a configuration allows one or more viewersto view the physical objects (e.g., the real world) on a far side of theprimary planar waveguide 108 relative to a vantage of the viewer. Thismay advantageously allow viewers to view the real world through thewaveguide and simultaneously view digital imagery that is relayed to theeye(s) by the waveguide.

In some implementations a plurality of waveguides systems may beincorporated into a near-to-eye display. For instance, a plurality ofwaveguides systems may be incorporated into a head-worn, head-mounted,or helmet-mounted display—or other wearable display (e.g., incorporatedinto an eyepiece that is positioned within a user's field of vision todisplay digital imagery to the user).

In some implementations, a plurality of waveguides systems may beincorporated into a head-up display (HUD) that is not worn (e.g., anautomotive HUD or an avionics HUD in which the display image isprojected onto a transparent window in the driver/pilot's line ofsight). In such implementations, multiple viewers may look at a sharedwaveguide system or resulting image field. Multiple viewers may, forexample see or optically perceive a digital or virtual object fromdifferent viewing perspectives that match each viewer's respectivelocations relative to the waveguide system.

The optical system 100 is not limited to use of visible light, but mayalso employ light in other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum(e.g., infrared or ultraviolet) and/or may employ electromagneticradiation that is outside the band of “light” (e.g., visible, UV, orIR), for example employing electromagnetic radiation or energy in themicrowave or X-ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

In some implementations, a scanning light display is used to couplelight into a plurality of primary planar waveguides. The scanning lightdisplay can include a single light source that forms a single beam thatis scanned over time to form an image. This scanned beam of light may beintensity-modulated to form pixels of different brightness levels.Alternatively, multiple light sources may be used to generate multiplebeams of light, which are scanned either with a shared scanning elementor with separate scanning elements to form imagery. These light sourcescan include different wavelengths, visible and/or non-visible, they caninclude different geometric points of origin (e.g., X, Y, or Z), theycan enter the scanner(s) at different angles of incidence, and cancreate light that corresponds to different portions of one or moreimages (e.g., flat or volumetric, moving or static).

The light may, for example, be scanned to form an image with a vibratingoptical fiber, for example as discussed in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/915,530, International Patent Application Serial No.PCT/US2013/045267, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/658,355, the contents of which are included by reference in theirentirety. The optical fiber may be scanned biaxially by a piezoelectricactuator. Alternatively, the optical fiber may be scanned uniaxially ortriaxially. As a further alternative, one or more optical components(e.g., rotating polygonal reflector or mirror, oscillating reflector ormirror) may be employed to scan an output of the optical fiber.

The optical system 100 is not limited to use in producing images or asan image projector or light field generation. For example, the opticalsystem 100 or variations thereof may be employed as an image capturedevice, such as a digital still or digital moving image capture orcamera system.

As shown in FIG. 4, in some cases, the optical system can include adistribution waveguide apparatus 402, to relay light along a first axis(e.g., vertical or Y-axis in view of FIG. 4), and expand the light'seffective exit pupil along the first axis (e.g., Y-axis). Thedistribution waveguide apparatus 402, may, for example include adistribution planar waveguide 404 and at least one DOE 406 (illustratedby double dash-dot line) associated with the distribution planarwaveguide 404. The distribution planar waveguide 404 may be similar oridentical in at least some respects to the primary planar waveguide 108,having a different orientation therefrom. Likewise, the at least one DOE406 may be similar or identical in at least some respects to the DOE110. For example, the distribution planar waveguide 404 and/or DOE 406may be composed, at least in part, of the same materials as the primaryplanar waveguide 108 and/or DOE 110, respectively

The relayed and exit-pupil expanded light is optically coupled from thedistribution waveguide apparatus 402 into one or more primary planarwaveguide 108. The primary planar waveguide 108 relays light along asecond axis, preferably orthogonal to first axis, (e.g., horizontal orX-axis in view of FIG. 4). Notably, the second axis can be anon-orthogonal axis to the first axis. The primary planar waveguide 108expands the light's effective exit pupil along that second axis (e.g.,X-axis). For example, a distribution planar waveguide 404 can relay andexpand light along the vertical or Y-axis, and pass that light to theprimary planar waveguide 108 which relays and expands light along thehorizontal or X-axis.

In a similar manner as described above, light propagates along theprimary planar waveguide 108 with at least some reflections or “bounces”resulting from the TIR propagation. Further, light propagates along thelength 114 of the primary planar waveguide 108 and intersects with oneor more DOEs 110 at various positions along the length 114. The DOE(s)110 shift an angle of the light, causing a portion of the light toescape TIR, and emerge from the interior 112 to the exterior 124 via oneor more faces 116 of the primary planar waveguide 108 (e.g., the face116 a). Further, the DOE(s) 110 focus the out-coupled light at one ormore viewing distances. Thus, someone looking through a face 116 a ofthe primary planar waveguide 108 can see digital imagery at one or moreviewing distances. In some implementations, at least a portion of theoptical system 100 can be incorporated into a head-worn, head-mounted,or helmet-mounted display—or other wearable display (e.g., incorporatedinto an eyepiece that is positioned within a user's field of vision todisplay digital imagery to the user).

Additional information regarding optical systems can be found in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/331,218, the contents of which areincluded by reference in their entirety.

As described above, light can be emitted from one or more faces 116 ofthe primary planar waveguide 108 (e.g., the face 116 a) to displaydigital imagery to a user. However, in some cases, stray light mayescape from portions of the optical system 100 in a manner that does notcontribute to the digital imagery. For instance, in some cases, lightmay escape from the primary planar waveguide 108 from faces other thanthe face 116 a. As an example, referring to FIG. 4, light may escapefrom one or more of faces 116 b (facing in the negative z-direction),116 c (facing in the negative y-direction), 116 d (facing in thepositive y-direction), 116 e (facing in the positive x-direction) and/or116 f (facing in the negative x-direction). As another example, some ofthe light emitted by the optical coupler subsystem 104 light may escapeto the exterior 124 rather than being coupled to the waveguide apparatus102 and/or the distribution waveguide apparatus 402. As another example,some of the light emitted by the waveguide apparatus 402 light mayescape to the exterior 124 rather than being coupled to the waveguideapparatus 102.

In some cases, stray light can negatively affect the performance of theoptical system 100. For instance, stray light can decrease the imagequality of the digital imagery rendered by the optical system 100 (e.g.,by decreasing the resolution of the projected digital imagery, reducingthe contrast of the digital imagery, introducing undesired imageartifacts, and/or impairing the accurate reproduction of color).

To improve image quality, the optical system can include one or morelight directing and/or light absorbing components to redirection and/orcapture stray light.

As an example, FIG. 5 shows an optical system 500. The optical system500 is similar in many respects to the optical system shown FIG. 4. Forexample, the optical system 500 includes a waveguide apparatus 102, anoptical coupler subsystem 104 to optically couple light to or from thewaveguide apparatus 102 through a distribution waveguide apparatus 402,and a spatial light modulator 106. In some implementations, at least aportion of the optical system 500 can be incorporated into a head-worn,head-mounted, or helmet-mounted display—or other wearable display (e.g.,incorporated into an eyepiece that is positioned within a user's fieldof vision to display digital imagery to the user).

In this example, the optical system 500 also includes a light absorptionassembly 502. The light absorption assembly 502 includes one or morewaveguides 504, and one or more light absorbing elements 506. The one ormore waveguides 504 are positioned on or around a periphery of othercomponents of the optical system 500 (e.g., the waveguide apparatus 102,the optical coupler subsystem 104, and/or the distribution waveguideapparatus 402) to collect stray light emitted by those components. Inturn, the waveguides 504 direct the captured light to one or more of thelight absorbing elements 506, whereby the stray light is absorbed (e.g.,converted into heat). Accordingly, the amount of stray light escapingfrom the optical system 500 is reduced.

As an example, FIG. 6 shows stray light (depicted as solid arrowed lines602) escaping from the face 116 c of the primary planar waveguide 108.The stray light 602 strikes a waveguide 504 a positioned along aperiphery of the primary planar waveguide 108, and enters the waveguide504 a. In turn, the waveguide 504 a directs the stray light to lightabsorbing elements 506 a and/or 506 b (example paths of the stray lightwithin the waveguide 504 a are shown as dotted arrowed lines 604),whereby the stray light is absorbed. Accordingly, the amount of straylight from the face 116 c of the primary planar waveguide 108 to theexterior of the optical system 500 is reduced.

The waveguides 504 can direct captured light to the light absorbingelements 506 through total internal reflection. Total internalreflection is a phenomenon which occurs when a propagated light wavestrikes a medium boundary surface at an angle larger than a particularcritical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. If therefractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and theincident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot passthrough and is entirely (or substantially entirely) reflected. Thecritical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internalreflection occurs.

Accordingly, the waveguides 504 can be configured such that itsrefractive index is greater than the refractive index of the surroundingmedium. As an example, if the waveguides 504 are positioned with an airgap between other components of the optical system 100 from which straylight may escape (e.g., components of the waveguide apparatus 102, theoptical coupler subsystem 104, and/or the distribution waveguideapparatus 402), the waveguides 504 can be constructed using a substancehaving a refractive index greater than air. As another example, if thewaveguides 504 are positioned such that they directly abut othercomponents of the optical system 100 from which stray light may escape(e.g., components of the waveguide apparatus 102, the optical couplersubsystem 104, and/or the distribution waveguide apparatus 402), thewaveguides 504 can be constructed using a substance having a refractiveindex greater than that of the abutting component.

Further, to facilitate propagation of the entered light along the lengthof the waveguide 504 through total internal reflection, each thewaveguide 504 can include one or more optical structures that modify thedirection of light upon entry into the waveguide 504, such that itpropagates within the waveguide 504 at an angle greater than thecritical angle.

As an example, FIG. 7 shows a cross-section of a waveguide 504 and anexample surrounding medium 702. In some cases, the medium 702 can be airor some other ambient substance (e.g., if the waveguide 504 ispositioned with an air gap or other ambient substance between othercomponents of the optical system 100). In some cases, medium 702 can beanother component of the optical system 100 (e.g., if the waveguide 504is positioned such that it directly abuts that component).

The waveguide 504 includes optical structures 704 positioned along asurface 706 of the waveguide 504. When light (e.g., stray light escapingfrom another component of the optical system 100) is incident upon thesurface 706, the light enters the waveguide 504, and its propagationdirection is modified by the optical structures 704. For example, asshown in FIG. 7, light incident upon the surface 706 at a directionnormal to the surface 706 enters the waveguide 504, and is redirected atan angle θ₁ with respect to the normal by the optical structures 704. Ifthe angle θ₁ is greater than the critical angle θ_(c) of the interfacebetween the waveguide 504 and the medium 702, the light propagates alongthe length of the waveguide 504 through total internal reflection (e.g.,until it reaches one or more of the light absorbing elements 506). Insome cases, the critical angle θ_(c) can be defined by the relationshipsin(θ_(c))=n₁/n₂, where n₁ is the refractive index of the medium 602, n₂is the refractive index of the waveguide 504, and n₂>n₁. In practice, n₁and/or n₂ can be selected to obtain a particular θ_(c) that enablescaptured light to propagate across the length of the waveguide 504through total internal reflection, and can vary depending on theimplementation.

In some cases, the optical structures 704 can be gratings positioned onor defined on the surface 706. The gratings can diffract light enteringthe waveguide 504, such that the light propagates along a directiondifferent than the angle of incidence.

For example, gratings can be etched onto the surface 705 (e.g., byetching ridges or rulings along the surface 605). As another example,additional optically conductive structures can be positioned onto thesurface 706 (e.g., adhered, bonded, fused, or otherwise secured to thesurface 706). Further, the dimensions of the gratings can differ,depending on the implementation. In some cases, different pitches can beused, depending on the stray light expected to be incident on thewaveguide 504. For example, gratings having a pitch of 330 nm can beused to modify the propagation direction of blue stray light. As anotherexample, gratings having a pitch of 380 nm can be used to modify thepropagation direction of green stray light. As another example, gratingshaving a pitch of 470 nm can be used to modify the propagation directionof red stray light. In some case, gratings can be binary (e.g.,alternating between two elevations in a stepwise manner), multi-step(e.g., alternating between three elevations in a sequential manner),and/or blazed (e.g., having repeating angled elevations). The pitch maybe a linear function or may be a non-linear function. Further, the dutycycle of the gratings (e.g., the length of the grating having a firstelevation vs. the total length of the grating) can vary. For example, insome cases, the duty cycle can be 50%, or some other percentage (e.g.,10%, 20%, 30%, or any other percentage).

In some cases, the optical structures 7084 can be other structures thatalter the propagation of light. For example, at least some of theoptical structures 704 can be lenses and/or surface plasmonics.

A waveguide 504 can be constructed using various materials. As examples,a waveguide 504 can be constructed using glass, fused silica, acrylic,polycarbonate, and/or other materials.

In some cases, a waveguide 504 can include a reflector to facilitatepropagation of light along the length of the waveguide 504. Forinstance, a waveguide 504 can include a reflector along one or moresurfaces of its outer periphery (e.g., along a surface facing away froma source of stray light), such that light propagating within thewaveguide 504 is reflected away from that surface, and does not escape.As an example, as shown in FIG. 7, a waveguide 504 can include areflector 708 positioned along a surface 710 facing away from the sourceof incident light (e.g., opposite the surface 706). Light propagatingthrough the waveguide 504 is reflected by the reflector 708, and cannotsubstantially pass through the surface 710 to the exterior.

In some case, a reflector can be planar surface defined on or positionedon a surface of the waveguide 504. In some cases, the reflector can beimplemented by metalizing a surface of the waveguide 504 (e.g., todeposit a layer of reflective metallic substance onto the surface, suchas aluminum or silver).

In some cases, the gratings of a waveguide 504 also can be metalized(e.g., to produce a blazed reflector). For instance, a cross-section ofa blazed reflector can include a series of right angle triangles in a“train” (e.g., a repeating series of right angle triangles placed end toend). This can be useful, for example, to direct light within thewaveguide 504 in such a way as to achieve larger angles with respect tothe normal. As an example, this arrangement can be used to increase theefficiency of diffraction. Further, this arrangement can enable largerincoming angles to be directed more efficiently.

A light absorbing element 506 absorbs some or all of the light incidentupon it (e.g., by converting the light into heat). Light absorbingelements 506 can be positioned such that they abut one or more ends of awaveguide 504, such that light propagating along the length of thewaveguide 504 is incident upon a light absorbing element 506 andabsorbed. In some cases, the light absorbing elements 506 can bepositioned such that they are located out of a field of view of a userduring operation of the optical system. For example, if the opticalsystem is used as a part of an eyepiece of a head-mounted display, thelight absorbing elements 506 can be positioned such that they are out ofthe field of view of a user while the user is wearing the head-mounteddisplay. In some cases, a light absorbing element 506 can be constructedfrom an optically dark material (e.g., “carbon black”), such as tar or aUV curable black polymer material.

In the example shown in FIG. 6, stray light escaping from the face 116 cof the primary planar waveguide 108 is redirected and absorbed by thelight absorption assembly 502. However, this is merely an illustrativeexample. It is understood that the light absorption assembly 502 can beused to absorb stray light emitted by any of the components of theoptical system via appropriately positioned waveguides 504 and lightabsorbing elements 506. As an example, the light absorption assembly 502can be used to absorb stray light emitted from one or more of the faces116 b-f As another example, the light absorption assembly 502 can beused to absorb stray light emitted from the optical coupler subsystem104 (e.g., the optical element 126 and/or the collimation element 130).As another example, the light absorption assembly 502 can be used toabsorb stray light emitted from the distribution waveguide apparatus402.

Further, although an example arrangement of the light absorptionassembly 502 is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, it is understood that this ismerely an illustrative example. In practice, the arrangement of thelight absorption assembly 502, depends on the implementation.

As an example, FIG. 8 shows an example optical assembly 800. The opticalassembly 800 includes a waveguide apparatus 102 (e.g., including aprimary planar waveguide 108), an optical coupler subsystem 104, and adistribution waveguide apparatus 402 integrally formed as a singlecomponent. Portions of, or the entirety of the optical assembly 800 canbe composed of glass, fused silica, acrylic, or polycarbonate, amongother materials.

The optical assembly 800 can be used in conjunction with a spatial lightmodulator 106 to display digital imagery to a user. For example, atleast a portion of the optical assembly 800 can be incorporated into ahead-worn, head-mounted, or helmet-mounted display—or other wearabledisplay (e.g., incorporated into an eyepiece that is positioned within auser's field of vision to display digital imagery to the user).

In a similar manner as described above, the optical coupler subsystem104 is configured to optically couple light to or from the waveguideapparatus 102 through a distribution waveguide apparatus 402. Thedistribution waveguide apparatus 402 is configured to relay light alonga first axis 802, and expand the light's effective exit pupil along thefirst axis 802. Further, the relayed and exit-pupil expanded light isoptically coupled from the distribution waveguide apparatus 402 into thewaveguide apparatus 102. The waveguide apparatus 102 (e.g., using aprimary planar waveguide 108) relays light along a second axis 804, andexpands the light's effective exit pupil along the second axis 804. Insome cases, the second axis 804 can be orthogonal to the first axis 802.In some cases, the second axis 804 can be non-orthogonal to the firstaxis 802.

Further, in a similar manner as described above, light propagates alongthe primary planar waveguide 108 with at least some reflections or“bounces” resulting from the TIR propagation. Further, light propagatesalong the primary planar waveguide 108 and intersects with one or moreDOEs of the primary planar waveguide 108 at various positions along thelength. The DOE(s) 110 shift an angle of the light, causing a portion ofthe light to escape TIR, and emerge from the interior of the opticalassembly 800 to the exterior via one or more faces of the primary planarwaveguide 108. Further, the DOE(s) 110 focus the out-coupled light atone or more viewing distances. Thus, someone looking through the facesof the primary planar waveguide 108 (e.g., from a position above thepage, in a direction towards the primary planar waveguide 108) can seedigital imagery at one or more viewing distances.

In this example, the optical assembly 800 also includes a lightabsorption assembly 502. In a similar manner as described above, thelight absorption assembly 502 includes one or more waveguides 504, andone or more light absorbing elements 506. The one or more waveguides 504are positioned around a periphery of the optical assembly 800, such thatthey surround or substantially surround the components of the opticalassembly 800 (e.g., the waveguide apparatus 102, the optical couplersubsystem 104, and the distribution waveguide apparatus 402), andcollect stray light emitted by those components. In turn, the waveguides504 direct the captured light to one or more of the light absorbingelements 506, whereby the stray light is absorbed. Accordingly, theamount of stray light escaping from the optical assembly 800 is reduced.

Although an example arrangement of the light absorption assembly 502 isshown in FIG. 8, this is merely an illustrative example. In practice,the position of each waveguide 504 and light absorbing element 506 candiffer, depending on the implementation. Further, in practice, the lightabsorption assembly 502 can include different numbers of waveguides 504and/or light absorbing elements 506 than that shown in FIG. 8

In some cases, multiple optical assemblies 800 can be used inconjunction to display digital imagery to a user. For example, FIG. 9shows eight optical assemblies 800 a-h arranged in a sequence (e.g., ina stack, with the optical assemblies aligned with one another). For easeof illustration, the optical assemblies 800 are illustrated with gapsbetween them (e.g., an “exploded view”). However, in practice, thedistance between each of the sets can be smaller than illustrated inFIG. 8. For example, the sets can be positioned such that each opticalassembly 800 a-h abuts or is in close proximity to each adjacent opticalassembly 800 a-h.

In some implementations, at least a portion of the optical assemblies800 a-h can be incorporated into a head-worn, head-mounted, orhelmet-mounted display—or other wearable display (e.g., incorporatedinto an eyepiece that is positioned within a user's field of vision todisplay digital imagery to the user).

Further, in some cases, each of the optical assemblies 800 a-h can beconfigured to project digital imagery using a different respective colorand/or a different depth of view, such that when optical assemblies 800a-h are viewed by a user (e.g., from a positon 902, along a direction904 normal to the optical assemblies 800 a-h), the digital imageryprojected by each of the optical assemblies 800 a-h are overlaid, givingthe appearance of a single multi-colored, depth-dependent image (e.g., amulti-colored image that appears to be three-dimensional).

Further, as shown in FIG. 9, each of the optical assemblies 800 a-h caninclude a respective light absorption assembly 502 a-h to capture andabsorb stray light, thereby improving the image quality of the digitalimagery.

In some cases, the thickness of each of the light absorption assemblies502 a-h can be substantially equal to or less than the thickness therest of its respective optical assembly 800 a-h. This can be useful, forexample, as it enables the optical assemblies 800 a-h to be placed inclose proximity with one another or such that they abut one anotherwithout obstruction.

In one or more of example implementations described above, lightabsorbing elements can be positioned at the longitudinal ends of awaveguide to absorb light. For example, referring to FIG. 8, lightabsorbing elements 506 can be positioned at the longitudinal ends ofeach of the waveguides 502 (e.g., on a surface substantiallyperpendicular to the axis of light propagation through the waveguide),such that each light absorbing element is positioned between twoadjacent waveguides. Light incident upon a waveguide is directed to alongitudinal end of that waveguide, whereby is it absorbed by a lightabsorbing element.

However, in some cases, light absorbing elements can be positioned alongone or more lateral or peripheral edges of a waveguide (e.g., on asurface substantially parallel to the axis of light propagation throughthe waveguide). As an example, FIG. 10 shows a schematic diagram of anoptical assembly 1000 according to an overhead view. The opticalassembly 1000 can be similar to the optical assembly 800 shown on FIG.8. For example, the optical assembly 1000 includes a waveguide apparatus102 (e.g., including a primary planar waveguide 108), an optical couplersubsystem 104, and a distribution waveguide apparatus 402 integrallyformed as a single component. Portions of, or the entirety of theoptical assembly 1000 can be composed of glass, fused silica, acrylic,polycarbonate, lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, or particle-dopedpolymer resins, among other materials.

Inset A of FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of theoptical assembly 1000. As shown in inset A of FIG. 10, a pattern ofgratings 1002 is defined on at least one of a top and bottom face of thewaveguide apparatus 102 along the peripheral edge 1004 of the waveguideapparatus 102. Further, a layer of light absorbing material 1006 isdeposited over the gratings 1002. The waveguide apparatus 102 guidesstray light 1008 (e.g., stray light escaping from the primary planarwaveguide 108 and/or distribution waveguide apparatus 402) towards theperipheral edge 1004 along an axis of light propagation 1010, with somereflections or “bounces” resulting from the TIR propagation. Uponreaching the gratings 1002, the angle of propagation of the stray light1008 is altered to facilitate the stray light entering the lightabsorbing material 1006. The stray light 1008 is emitted from thewaveguide apparatus 102 and is absorbed by the light absorbing material1006. Accordingly, the stray light 1008 is contained within the opticalassembly 1000, thereby improving the image quality of the digitalimagery.

In some cases, the width W of the gratings 1002 and the light absorbingmaterial 1006 can be selected such that stray light 1008 bounces atleast two times along the width W as it propagates through the waveguideapparatus 102 through TIR. Accordingly, the gratings 1002 and the lightabsorbing material 1006 can incrementally extract and absorb stray lightacross multiple different bounces of light. This can be useful, forexample, in improving the performance of light absorption. For example,upon a first bounce of stray light within the width W, the gratings 1002and the light absorbing material 1006 might only be capable of absorbinga portion of the light (e.g., absorb 90% of light, leaving 10%remaining). Upon the second bounce of stray light within the width W,the gratings 1002 and the light absorbing material 1006 can absorb someor all of the remaining light (e.g., absorb 90% of the remaining light,leaving 1% remaining of the original light). Further, this gratingpattern 1002 near the peripheral edge 1004 of the waveguide 102 can beparticularly useful in embodiments in which higher index substrates areused as waveguides, as the tendency of light reflecting back in TIR ishigher. In practice, light absorbing materials might not have asufficient high index of refraction to match those of higher indexsubstrates (e.g., n>1.8). Accordingly, the use of gratings and lightabsorbing materials along a sufficient large width W near at least aportion of the peripheral edge of the waveguide can improve the lightperformance characteristics of the optical apparatus in thesesituations.

The dimensions and design of grating pattern 1002 can be tuned forparticular wavelengths of light. For example, a grating pattern can beselected to optimally outcouple red light from the high index waveguideinto the lower index light absorbing material. One of skill in the artwill appreciate that the grating pattern could also be tuned for green,blue, or any other wavelength of light. In some embodiments, the highindex waveguide can support total internal reflection of more than onewavelength of light. In such an embodiment, the grating pattern can bedesigned to outcouple more than one wavelength of light. One way toachieve outcoupling of multiple wavelengths or a large range ofwavelengths, is to tune a first portion of the grating pattern for afirst wavelength, tune a second portion of the grating pattern for asecond wavelength, and so on for as many wavelengths as are supported bythe waveguide. In some embodiments, the first portion is along aperipheral edge of the waveguide and the second portion is adjacent thefirst portion toward the center of the waveguide.

In some cases, the light absorbing material 1006 can be a similarmaterial as that used to construct the light absorbing elements 506described above. For example, the light absorbing material 1006 can bean optically dark material (e.g., “carbon black”), such as tar or a UVcurable black polymer material. Further, in some cases, the lightabsorbing material 1006 can be applied to the peripheral edge 1004 in aliquid form (e.g., injected onto the peripheral edge 1004 and/or amold), and cured into a solid form. In some cases, the gratings 1002 canbe used to regulate the volume and/or distribution of light absorbingmaterial 1006 onto the peripheral edge 1004. For example, the dimensionof the gratings 1002 (e.g., height of each grating, width of eachgrating, pitch of the grating, grating direction, volume of spacedefined by the gratings, etc.) can be selected to control the depositionof the light absorbing material 1006 while it is in a liquid form (e.g.,through capillary forces) and enhance light diffraction/extractionefficiency.

In the example shown in FIG. 10, the gratings 1002 and the lightabsorbing material 1006 are distributed about the entire peripheral edge1004 of the waveguide apparatus 102. However, this need not be the case.As an example, the gratings 1002 can be defined along one or moreselected portions of the peripheral edge 1004 (e.g., along portions ofthe waveguide apparatus 102 that encounter a greater amount of straylight). As another example, the light absorbing material 1006 also canbe deposited along one or more selected portions of the peripheral edge1004). Referring to FIG. 10, in some cases, edge segments 1012 a-c caninclude gratings 1002 and light absorbing material 1006, while gratings1002 and light absorbing material 1006 are omitted from edge segments1012 d-f. In practice, other configuration as also possible, dependingon the implementation.

In some cases, the shape of the optical assembly can also be designed tofacilitate the absorption of stray light. For instance, the opticalassembly can be shaped such that stray light emitted by a particularcomponent is more likely to be reflected away from that component, suchthat it does not re-couple to the optical pathways of the opticalassembly 100.

As an example, FIG. 11A shows a schematic diagram of an optical assembly1100 a according to an overhead view. The optical assembly 1100 a can besimilar to the optical assembles 800 and 1000 shown on FIGS. 8 and 10.For example, the optical assembly 1100 a includes a waveguide apparatus102 (e.g., including a primary planar waveguide 108), an optical couplersubsystem 104, and a distribution waveguide apparatus 402 integrallyformed as a single component. Portions of, or the entirety of theoptical assembly 1000 can be composed of glass, fused silica, acrylic,or polycarbonate, among other materials. In some embodiments, theoptical assembly 1000 includes a high index material, such as high indexglass, polymer, doped polymer, lithium niobate, or lithium tantalate.

In this example, the optical coupler subsystem 104 is configured to emitlight 1104 along a primary emission axis 1102 a. However, due topractical limitations (e.g., physical and design limitations), theoptical coupler subsystem 104 also emits some stray light 1106 along asecondary emission axis 1102 b, in a direction opposite that of theprimary emission axis 1102 a. As shown in inset A of FIG. 11A, theperipheral edge 1108 of the waveguide apparatus 102 in the path of straylight 1106 is substantially perpendicular to the second emission axis1102 b. Accordingly, at least some of the stray light 1106 is reflectedfrom the peripheral edge 1108, and propagated back towards the opticalcoupling subsystem 104 and the distribution waveguide apparatus 402.This could negatively impact the performance of the optical assembly(e.g., due to re-coupling of stray light to the optical pathways of theoptical assembly, which could degrade image quality of the digitalimagery).

These effects can be mitigated by designing the optical assembly suchthat the peripheral edges of the waveguide apparatus 102 are inclinedwith respect to the primary emission axis 1102 a and the secondaryemission axis 1102 b (e.g., substantially not perpendicular to the axes1102 a and 1102 b). As an example, FIG. 11B shows a schematic diagram ofa portion of an optical assembly 1100 b according to an overhead view.In this example, the optical assembly 1100 b includes two peripheraledges 1110 a and 1110 b along the secondary emission axis 1102 b. Theperipheral edges 1110 a and 1110 b are inclined with respect to theprimary emission axis 1102 a and the secondary emission axis 1102 b.Accordingly, the stray light 1106 is not reflected back towards theoptical coupling subsystem 104 (e.g., propagating along axes 1112 a and1112 b instead). Accordingly, stray light is less likely to re-couple tothe optical pathways of the optical assembly.

As another example, FIG. 11C shows a schematic diagram of a portion ofan optical assembly 1100 c according to an overhead view. In thisexample, the optical assembly 1100 c includes a peripheral edge 1114along the secondary emission axis 1102 b. The peripheral edges 1110 aand 1110 b are included with respect to the primary emission axis 1102 aand the secondary emission axis 1102 b. Accordingly, the stray light1106 is not reflected back towards the optical coupling subsystem 104(e.g., propagating along axis 1116 instead). Accordingly, stray light isless likely to re-couple to the optical pathways of the opticalassembly.

In some cases, an optical assembly can be configured such that straylight emitted along the secondary emission axis 1102 b substantiallybounces a minimum of two times before encountering the optical pathwaysof the optical assembly (e.g., a waveguide apparatus 102, a distributionwaveguide apparatus 402, and/or an optical coupler subsystem 104). Thiscan be beneficial, for example, in reducing the amount of light that isre-coupled to the optical pathways.

Although several example techniques for reducing stray light emissionare shown and described herein, it is understood they are not mutuallyexclusive. In some cases, two or more of the described techniques can beused in conjunction to absorb stray light and/or direct stray light in aparticular manner to improve the performance of an optical assembly. Asan example, one or more light absorbing elements (e.g., as shown anddescribed with respect to FIGS. 5, 6, 8, and 9), one or more gratings(e.g., as shown and described with respect to FIGS. 7 and 10), one ormore portions of light emitting materials on peripheral edges of opticalcomponents (e.g., as shown and described with respect to FIG. 10),and/or one or peripheral edges that are substantially not parallel to asecondary emission axis (e.g.,. as shown and described with respect toFIGS. 11A-11C) can be used, either individually or in any combination,to reduce stray light emission with respect to an optical assembly.

A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will beunderstood that various modifications may be made without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodimentsare within the scope of the following claims.

1.-21. (canceled)
 22. A method for producing an eyepiece for ahead-mounted display, the method comprising: optically coupling a firstedge of one or more first waveguides to a spatial light modulator toreceive light from the spatial light modulator at the first edge duringoperation of the head-mounted display, the one or more first waveguidesbeing configured to guide at least some of the received light to asecond edge of the one or more first waveguides opposite the first edge,and extract at least some of the light through a face of the one or morefirst waveguides between the first and second edges; optically couplinga second waveguide to the second edge of the one or more firstwaveguides to receive light exiting the one or more first waveguides atthe second edge during operation of the head-mounted display, the secondwaveguide being configured to guide the received light to one or morefirst light absorbers; optically coupling a third edge of a thirdwaveguide to the spatial light modulator to receive light from thespatial light modulator at the third edge during operation of thehead-mounted display, the third waveguide being configured to guide atleast some of the received light to a fourth edge of the third waveguideopposite the third edge, and extract at least some of the light througha face of the third waveguide between the third and fourth edges; andoptically coupling a fourth waveguide to the fourth edge of the thirdwaveguide to receive light exiting the third waveguide at the fourthedge during operation of the head-mounted display, the fourth waveguidebeing configured to guide the received light to one or more second lightabsorbers.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: arrangingoptical structures between the second edge of the one or more firstwaveguides, wherein the optical structures are configured to couplelight from the one or more first waveguides into the second waveguide.24. The method of claim 22, further comprising: arranging the secondwaveguide between a reflector and the one or more first waveguides,wherein the reflector is configured to reflect light that enters thesecond waveguide from the one or more first waveguides so that the lightis guided to the one or more first light absorbers.
 25. The method ofclaim 22, further comprising: arranging the one or more first lightabsorbers and the one or more second light absorbers such that the oneor more first light absorbers and the one or more second light absorbersare located out of a field of view of a user during operation of thehead-mounted display by the user.
 26. The method of claim 22, furthercomprising: optically coupling one or more additional waveguides to oneor more additional edges of the one or more first waveguides to receivelight exiting the one or more first waveguides at the one or moreadditional edges during operation of the head-mounted display, the oneor more additional waveguides being configured to guide the receivedlight from the one or more additional edges to one or more additionallight absorbers.
 27. The method of claim 22, further comprising:arranging the one or more first waveguides such that the one or morefirst waveguides are located in a field of view of a user duringoperation of the head-mounted display by the user.
 28. The method ofclaim 22, further comprising: arranging one or more diffractive opticalelements of the one or more first waveguides between the first edge andthe second edge, wherein the one or more diffractive optical elementsare configured to extract at least some of the light through a face ofthe one or more first waveguides between the first and second edge. 29.The method of claim 28, further comprising: arranging at least one ofthe one or more diffractive optical elements within an interior of theone or more first waveguides.
 30. The method of claim 28, furthercomprising: arranging at least one of the one or more diffractiveoptical elements along a periphery of the one or more first waveguides.31. The method of claim 22, further comprising: defining a gratingpattern along a periphery of the second waveguide.
 32. The method ofclaim 31, wherein defining the grating pattern along the periphery ofthe second waveguide comprises: defining the grating pattern on at leastone of a first face of the second waveguide or second face of the secondwaveguide, the first face of the second waveguide being opposite to thesecond face of the second waveguide.
 33. The method of claim 31, furthercomprising: depositing a light absorbing material along the gratingpattern.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein defining the gratingpattern along the periphery of the second waveguide comprises: definingthe grating pattern along an entirety of the periphery of the secondwaveguide comprises:
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein depositing thelight absorbing material along the grating pattern comprises: depositingthe light absorbing material along an entirely of the periphery of thesecond waveguide.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein defining thegrating pattern along the periphery of the second waveguide comprises:defining the grating pattern along a subset of the periphery of thesecond waveguide comprises:
 37. The method of claim 33, whereindepositing the light absorbing material along the grating patterncomprises: depositing the light absorbing material along a subset of theperiphery of the second waveguide.
 38. The method of claim 22, furthercomprising: optically coupling an optical coupler subsystem to thespatial light modulator to receive the light from the spatial lightmodulator during operation of the head-mounted display, the opticalcoupler subsystem being configured to direct the light in a firstdirection towards the first edge of the one or more first waveguidesalong a primary emission axis.
 39. The method of claim 38, furthercomprising: arranging a peripheral edge on the second waveguide in asecond direction from the optical coupler subsystem, the seconddirection being opposite from the first direction, the peripheral edgebeing inclined with respect to the primary emission axis.